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2026-07-18
Update WelfareCheck | farm: Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
Continuing in the sturgeon year, we present the update of another WelfareCheck – this time of the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii). According to Wikipedia, the Russian sturgeon is named after the German-Baltic researcher Johann Anton Güldenstädt who was sent by Catherine II to explore southern Russia. The distribution of the Russian sturgeon today is the Caspian and Black Sea.
The Russian sturgeon – just as the Siberian sturgeon – is mostly reared for caviar, so everything surrounding reproduction and collection of eggs happens under highly controlled conditions and with the help of anaesthesia. There, the similarities don't stop. The spatial needs as well cannot be provided for in captivity, and too little is known about natural aggregation densities to be able to provide welfare-friendly recommendations for the farming environment.
In contrast to the Siberian sturgeon, malformations could be a problem with the Russian sturgeon. Even though substrate may be provided when kept in earthen ponds, spawners are denied this feature. Some husbandry procedures could induce stress, but we need more knowledge whether measures like anaesthesia can effectively reduce them – especially for spawners who are handled regularly during the 11-16 years they spend in captivity until mature.
Aggression is likely just an issue with the fry, and there seem to be stunning and slaughter practices that allow for immediate insensibility and unconsciousness and eventually death. Please help us fill the gaps or let us know your thoughts in the feedback form.
2026-07-06
New WelfareCheck | catch: Sardina pilchardus x purse seines
Sardina pilchardus, the European pilchard, is in the top 5 most frequently caught species worldwide. Up to 61,000,000,000 individuals end up in fisher nets each year according to the British NGO fish count. In our latest WelfareCheck | catch, we looked at the situation of S. pilchardus caught with purse seines.
During the catching process that can take around 1.5 hours from hauling to arrival on board, we identified the welfare hazards that are most pressing. A number of them can be tackled with mitigation measures that are already verified for the commercial catching process. Two major hazards remain: crowding the individuals by the side of the vessel will crush them against each other and the net, and a lack of a humane stunning and slaughter method subjects them to welfare hazards on board. Introducing a stunning and slaughter procedure would get rid of all consequences the individuals suffer from the moment of emersion on. So, pursuing a solution in this direction has the potential to alleviate a lot of suffering.
For all details, please click here. And let us know your thoughts and comments in the feedback form.
2026-05-15
New episodes of fair-fish database podcast programme
Series 21 of FishEthoGroup's Fish Talk podcast covering species in the fair-fish database is out! It presents a quick look into the lives of Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass), Dicentrarchus labrax (European seabass), and Colossoma macropomum (Tambaqui). In around 3 min each, it also covers the main welfare hazards in aquaculture, possible improvements, and the grounds for our welfare assessment.
In another podcast episode, you will learn about the catching method "purse seine" based on our Method profile of it. We combined the information of the four WelfareChecks of Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring), Engraulis ringens (Peruvian anchoveta), Scomber colias (Atlantic chub mackerel), and Scomber scombrus (Atlantic mackerel) – all caught with purse seine – and complemented the Method profile with more general bits of purse seine knowledge.
As usual, you can find these episodes in the respective profiles here in the fair-fish database or over at FishEthoGroup's. While you are there, also check out their podcast programmes "Fish Five" – interviews with renowned scientists in the field of welfare of aquatic species – and "The Fish Mind" – a look into the different capabilites of aquatic species. Tell your friends about it!
2026-04-25
New episodes of fair-fish database podcast programme
There are new podcast episodes available on FishEthoGroup's podcast programme about the fair-fish database! Series 20 of the farm branch of species reared in aquaculture covers Hoven's carp (Leptobarbus hoevenii), Mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and Smallscale mud carp (Cirhrinus microlepis). As usual, you will get general and welfare-related information – including our welfare assessment – in around 3 to 5 minutes time.
Another episode tackles the fishery of Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) caught with hand lines and pole-and-lines.
You will find the episodes on the Overview page of the respective species here in the fair-fish database or over at FishEthoGroup's! Please let us know what you think about this format on our contact form.
2026-04-11
Update WelfareCheck | farm: Clarias gariepinus
Our WelfareCheck of Clarias gariepinus, the African sharptooth catfish, was from 2017 and overdue for an update. This catfish was our highest-scoring species, but our recent assessment – using our updated scoring rationale and newly added sources – could not uphold this score.
Natural spatial needs exceed what any farming facility is able to offer, and the species is aggressive and stressed by husbandry. Malformations are a frequent problem, and even though hints for reduction exist, it is not clear by how much the malformation rates may be reduced. Further research is also needed on stocking densities that strike a balance between aggression and stress.
The silver lining concerns reproduction – which leaves the individuals free from hormonal manipulation and stripping – as well as earthen ponds with vegetation that cater to the substrate needs. More criteria might follow, for example, if the promising slaughter protocols that lab studies identified are verified for the farming context.
Let us know what you think. Where you aware of this situation contrary to the reputation of C. gariepinus as resilient? Do you have expertise to inform our assessment?
General
How to use the FAQ?
First up, you will find answers to questions for the specific page you are on. Scrolling down in the FAQ window, there are also answers to more general questions. Explore our website and the other sub pages and find there the answers to questions relevant for those pages.
How do I navigate in the fair-fish database?
In the fair-fish database, when you have chosen a species (either by searching in the search bar or in the species tree), the landing page is an Overview, introducing the most important information to know about the species that we have come across during our literatures search, including common names, images, distribution, habitat and growth characteristics, swimming aspects, reproduction, social behaviour but also handling details. To dive deeper, visit the Dossier where we collect all available ethological findings (and more) on the most important aspects during the life course, both biologically and concerning the habitat. In contrast to the Overview, we present the findings in more detail citing the scientific references.
Depending on whether the species is farmed or wild caught, you will be interested in different branches of the database.
Farm branch
Founded in 2013, the farm branch of the fair-fish database focuses on farmed aquatic species.
Catch branch
Founded in 2022, the catch branch of the fair-fish database focuses on wild-caught aquatic species.
What is the farm branch?
The heart of the farm branch of the fair-fish database is the welfare assessment – or WelfareCheck | farm – resulting in the WelfareScore | farm for each species. The WelfareCheck | farm is a condensed assessment of the species' likelihood and potential for good welfare in aquaculture, based on welfare-related findings for 10 crucial criteria (home range, depth range, migration, reproduction, aggregation, aggression, substrate, stress, malformations, slaughter).
For those species with a Dossier, we conclude to-be-preferred farming conditions in the Advice | farm. They are not meant to be as detailed as a rearing manual but instead, challenge current farming standards and often take the form of what not to do.
What is the catch branch?
In parallel to farm, the main element of the catch branch of the fair-fish database is the welfare assessment – or WelfareCheck | catch – with the WelfareScore | catch for each species caught with a specific catching method. The WelfareCheck | catch, too, is a condensed assessment of the species' likelihood and potential for good welfare – or better yet avoidance of decrease of good welfare – this time in fisheries. We base this on findings on welfare hazards in 10 steps along the catching process (prospection, setting, catching, emersion, release from gear, bycatch avoidance, sorting, discarding, storing, slaughter).
In contrast to the farm profiles, in the catch branch we assess the welfare separately for each method that the focus species is caught with. In the case of a species exclusively caught with one method, there will be one WelfareCheck, whereas in other species, there will be as many WelfareChecks as there are methods to catch the species with.
Summarising our findings of all WelfareChecks | catch for one species in Advice | catch, we conclude which catching method is the least welfare threatening for this species and which changes to the gear or the catching process will potentially result in improvements of welfare.
What do we mean by "welfare"?
Welfare of aquatic species is at the heart of the fair-fish database. In our definition of welfare, we follow Broom (1986): “The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment.” Thus, welfare may be perceived as a continuum on which an individual rates “good” or “poor” or everything in between.
We pursue what could be called a combination of not only a) valuing the freedom from injuries and stress (function-based approach) but b) supporting attempts to provide rewarding experiences and cognitive challenges (feelings-based approach) as well as c) arguing for enclosures that mimic the wild habitat as best as possible and allow for natural behaviour (nature-based approach).
What if I have a question?
Try mousing over the element you are interested in - oftentimes you will find explanations this way. If not, there will be FAQ on many of the sub-pages with answers to questions that apply to the respective sub-page. If your question is not among those, contact us at ffdb@fair-fish.net.
Where is the FishEthoBase?
It's right here! We decided to re-name it to fair-fish database for several reasons. The database has grown beyond dealing purely with ethology, more towards welfare in general – and so much more. Also, the partners fair-fish and FishEthoGroup decided to re-organise their partnership. While maintaining our friendship, we also desire for greater independence. So, the name "fair-fish database" establishes it as a fair-fish endeavour.
Frequently asked questions
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