Information
Version: B | 1.1 (2022-01-22)
1 Remarks
1.1 General remarks
Escapees and consequences: negative or at most unpredictable for the local ecosystem1.2 Other remarks
No data found yet.2 Ethograms
In the farm or lab: on feeding, reproduction
3 Distribution
Introduced: Europe, inland waters
4 Natural co-existence
5 Substrate and/or shelter
5.1 Substrate
Substrate range, substrate preference: lives over sand and fine substrate5.2 Shelter or cover
Shelter or cover preference: uses shelter during hunting (further research needed)6 Food, foraging, hunting, feeding
6.1 Trophic level and general considerations on food needs
Trophic level: 4.0Impacts of feed fishery: contributes to overfishing, challenges animal welfare
6.2 Food items
Food items, food preference: carnivorous, cannibalistic at times; increasing prey size with increasing age6.3 Feeding behaviour
Feeding style, foraging mode: predator, hunterEffects on feeding: direct relation with temperature
7 Photoperiod
7.1 Daily rhythm
Daily rhythm: individual differences: crepuscular, nocturnal, diurnalPhotoperiod and stress: 24 h darkness is stressful (further research needed)
7.2 Light intensity
Light intensity preference: 1 lux (further research needed)Light intensity and growth: inverse relation (further research needed)
7.3 Light colour
Light colour and growth: highest under red light (further research needed)8 Water parameters
8.1 Water temperature
Standard temperature range, temperature preference: 0-27 °C, capable of surviving under ice cover (further research needed)Temperature and growth: optimally 23 °C (further research needed)
8.2 Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen range: 5.5-12.9 mg/L8.3 Salinity
Salinity tolerance, standard salinity range: probably euryhaline (further research needed), 0.03-10+ pptSalinity and growth: depends on water temperature (further research needed)
8.4 pH
Standard pH range: 6.5-6.9 (further research needed)8.5 Turbidity
Standard turbidity range: Secchi depth 0.4-10 m8.6 Water hardness
No data found yet.8.7 NO4
No data found yet.8.8 Other
No data found yet.9 Swimming
9.1 Swimming type, swimming mode
Swimming type, swimming mode: sub-carangiform9.2 Swimming speed
Swimming speed: max 1.6 body lengths/s (further research needed)Standard velocity range, velocity preference: 0.01-0.9 cm/s, decreasing with decreasing temperatures (further research needed)
9.3 Home range
Home range: average 0.2-6.3 km, range 0-7.7 km9.4 Depth
Depth range, depth preference: range 0-30.8 m, moves deeper during the day probably to avoid predators9.5 Migration
Migration type: semi-anadromous10 Growth
10.1 Ontogenetic development
Mature egg: 0.7-0.9 mmLarvae: hatching to 4 days (further research needed)
Fry: beginning of exogenous feeding, 4-48 days, 5.6-15 mm, 0.5-60 mg
Juveniles, sexual maturity: fully developed (48 days) to beginning of maturity (1-3 years), 4-32.2+ cm, 0.5-553 g
Maturation and manipulation: ambient temperatures promote maturation (further research needed)
Adults: 4-14 years, 31-130 cm, 0.7-18 kg
10.2 Sexual conversion
No data found yet.10.3 Sex ratio
No data found yet.10.4 Effects on growth
Growth rate: 51 mm/year for large juveniles (further research needed)Growth and size-grading: no effect (further research needed)
For growth and...
...light intensity ➝ D15,
...light colour ➝ D16,
...water temperature ➝ D17,
...salinity ➝ D18,
...stocking density ➝ D19.
10.5 Deformities and malformations
Deformities and malformations: non-inflated swim bladders (further research needed)11 Reproduction
11.1 Nest building
Nest building: male builds nest in sand or gravel or uses artificial substitute11.2 Attraction, courtship, mating
Attraction: intensified body colour, iridescent stripe, swollen opercular in males, swollen genitals in females (further research needed)Courtship sequence: male and female encircle nest, male body colour and marking changes (further research needed)
11.3 Spawning
Spawning conditions: February-May, 10-15 °C, at any time of the dayMale:female ratio resulting in spawning, composition of the broodstock: 1:1 (further research needed)
Spawning sequence: female spawns close to nest, male 7 s later during 1-3 sessions (further research needed)
11.4 Fecundity
Female fecundity: average 140,000-255,000 eggs/kg body weightMale fecundity: 1-3 times per spawning (further research needed)
11.5 Brood care, breeding
Breeding type: gravel breeder12 Senses
12.1 Vision
Visible spectrum: green, red (further research needed)Importance of vision: hunting (further research needed)
12.2 Olfaction (and taste, if present)
No data found yet.12.3 Hearing
No data found yet.12.4 Touch, mechanical sensing
No data found yet.12.5 Lateral line
No data found yet.12.6 Electrical sensing
No data found yet.12.7 Nociception, pain sensing
No data found yet.12.8 Other
No data found yet.13 Communication
13.1 Visual
No data found yet.13.2 Chemical
No data found yet.13.3 Acoustic
No data found yet.13.4 Mechanical
No data found yet.13.5 Electrical
No data found yet.13.6 Other
No data found yet.14 Social behaviour
14.1 Spatial organisation
Aggregation type: no school (further research needed)Stocking density and stress: direct relation from >50 ind/L on (further research needed)
Stocking density and growth: inverse relation from >50 ind/L on (further research needed)
14.2 Social organisation
No data found yet.14.3 Exploitation
Cannibalism, predation: prevalent14.4 Facilitation
Cooperation, mutualism: attacks in packs (further research needed)14.5 Aggression
No data found yet.14.6 Territoriality
No data found yet.15 Cognitive abilities
15.1 Learning
No data found yet.15.2 Memory
No data found yet.15.3 Problem solving, creativity, planning, intelligence
No data found yet.15.4 Other
No data found yet.16 Personality, coping styles
17 Emotion-like states
17.1 Joy
No data found yet.17.2 Relaxation
No data found yet.17.3 Sadness
No data found yet.17.4 Fear
No data found yet.18 Self-concept, self-recognition
19 Reactions to husbandry
19.1 Stereotypical and vacuum activities
No data found yet.19.2 Acute stress
Handling: collection and anaesthesia is stressful (further research needed)Confinement: stressful if done for 1 h (further research needed)
Live transport: stressful (further research needed)
19.3 Chronic stress
Handling: delays or prevents spawning despite adaptation to repeated stress (further research needed)For chronic stress and...
...PHOTOPERIOD ➝ D24,
...stocking density ➝ D23.
19.4 Stunning reactions
Stunning rules: fast, effective, safeStunning methods: electrical stunning most effective (further research needed)
Glossary
FARM = setting in farming environment or under conditions simulating farming environment in terms of size of facility or number of individuals
FOOD CONVERSION RATIO = (food offered / weight gained)
FRY = larvae from external feeding on
IND = individuals
JUVENILES = fully developed but immature individuals
LAB = setting in laboratory environment
MILLIARD = 1,000,000,000 29 30
PHOTOPERIOD = duration of daylight
TOTAL LENGTH = from snout to tip of caudal fin as compared to fork length (which measures from snout to fork of caudal fin) or standard length (from head to base of tail fin) or body length (from the base of the eye notch to the posterior end of the telson) 41
WILD = setting in the wild
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